Stainless Steel for Hardness and Corrosion Resistance...
time:2015-04-29 15:19
Stainless Steel for Hardness and Corrosion Resistance
Stainless steel is probably the least understood. Selecting the right stainless steel for your application can be perplexing. Here we tell you differences between various stainless steel alloy. Hope help you to select the most appropriate material for specific application. The focus of this issue is on the stainless steel and related alloy that combine a high degree of hardness, corrosion resistance, low cost and availability. It is intended for the designer need to specify material on the drawing.
52100
The alloy is homogeneous so that all of the chromium is available for corrosion resistance. The alloy melts clean and heat treats beautifully so high cycle fatigue strength is good and the alloy supports high rolling contact stress. Good quality stock is easily purchased. QC requires checking decarb in as-received stock and after heat treating checking decarb and grain size.
420
The alloy has good corrosion resistance and pretty good hardness. However, it heat treats with a coarse grain, which makes it somewhat unpredictable and reduces the fatigue strength and rolling contact stress. It is moderately easy to purchase good quality. QC requires monitoring segregation and grain size after heat treating.
440C
It is hard. The alloy has big, blocky, primary carbides. The matrix chromium is only a little higher than H13's so its corrosion resistance is only a little better than H13. The primary carbides make for noisy rolling contact, markedly lower rolling contact fatigue strength, fairly good compressive strength, and poor tensile properties. There are very consistent supplies of good quality. QC requires monitoring the heat treater's results for excessive austenite grain boundary precipitation, prior austenite grain size, primary carbide particle size and retained austenite.
H13
Not as clean as 52100 so its rolling contact fatigue strength isn't quite as high but its higher chromium gives pretty good corrosion resistance. Hard to buy good quality and hard to heat treat well. QC requires monitoring incoming steel for segregation and monitoring the heat treater's results for austenite grain size and precipitation in the austenite grain boundaries.
17-4PH
This compromise has better corrosion resistance, good toughness when properly heat treated, and lower hardness. Coarse grain can be a problem.
Commercial stocks seem to be good quality. QC requires monitoring the heat treater's results for austenite grain size, precipitation in the austenite grain boundaries and through-thickness hardness. Hardness after the solutionizing heat treatment needs to be checked, which is the usual as-purchased condition for small quantities. Segregation can be a problem.
Hard worked 304
High hardness and strength with pretty good corrosion resistance are available in heavily cold worked type 304. It has much less toughness than annealed 304 but it is right up there with the other hard stainless steel tube. Wire, small bars and small strip dimensions are available. Quality control includes surface finish, which can be scaly on a microscopic scale.
Other hard stainless steel include:
416 for improved pitting resistance
440A and 440B for better homogeneity than 440C but still suffer from primary carbides
17-7PH for more of the same as compared to 17-4PH
The growing family of fully densified powder metals gives great opportunities for combining all the properties except affordability. In a critical application, where the metal cost can be absorbed, be sure to look over what's available. We see these fully densified powder metals in a frustratingly limited range of small bar stock sizes.
An example of compacted powder metal bar stock is Crucible Materials Corporation's CPM T440V which has 17% chromium along with other good things. The powder process keeps the carbides fine as long as the heat treater doesn't mess it up during final heat treating after machining. The heat treater's results must be monitored for carbide and grain size or the product isn't any better than the regular ingot and strand cast mill product.
(Figure 1. Comparative properties: stainless steel alloys.)
Some warnings regarding the heat treaters' culture:
Heat treaters are pre-programmed to deliver the hardness range specified in the purchase order. Unfortunately, hardness alone doesn't cut it in the hard stainless steels. You must additionally put numbers on the microstructural stuff which is listed above. If you don't, then expect unreliable wear, unreliable fracture toughness, unreliable fatigue, and sometimes unreliable corrosion resistance. And without having called them out you can't even reject the lot when failures occur.
Except for the 440 family of stainless steels, a messed up heat treating lot can often be re-heat treated. Accumulated decarb and distortion can be problems the second time around.
Remember that the hardenable stainless steels have very poor thermal conductivity. At least while getting the bugs out of the heat treating process, keep track of part location on the furnace racks. Edge parts will heat faster and have the longest time at temperature. Result: more distortion, better homogeneity, larger grain size, probably a faster cool down, etc. Center parts or parts shadowed from atmosphere circulation: less distortion, more segregation, finer grain size, failure to make the hardness specifications.
These alloys require that furnace racks need to be packed much more loosely and bigger circulating blowers are needed. There's a lot of merit to paying the price for a few percent of the high heat transfer gasses: hydrogen or helium or both. And finally, heat treaters love to heat treat but they hate to keep records! You need good records as to which furnace was used, number of parts per rack, strip chart record, thermocouple location, and atmosphere pressure and composition. We have long observed that the customers that consistently hold their heat treaters' hands are the ones that get consistent results. It seems to take about six months to work out the bugs and to convince the heat treater that you really mean what you say.
Stainless steel is probably the least understood. Selecting the right stainless steel for your application can be perplexing. Here we tell you differences between various stainless steel alloy. Hope help you to select the most appropriate material for specific application. The focus of this issue is on the stainless steel and related alloy that combine a high degree of hardness, corrosion resistance, low cost and availability. It is intended for the designer need to specify material on the drawing.
52100
The alloy is homogeneous so that all of the chromium is available for corrosion resistance. The alloy melts clean and heat treats beautifully so high cycle fatigue strength is good and the alloy supports high rolling contact stress. Good quality stock is easily purchased. QC requires checking decarb in as-received stock and after heat treating checking decarb and grain size.
420
The alloy has good corrosion resistance and pretty good hardness. However, it heat treats with a coarse grain, which makes it somewhat unpredictable and reduces the fatigue strength and rolling contact stress. It is moderately easy to purchase good quality. QC requires monitoring segregation and grain size after heat treating.
440C
It is hard. The alloy has big, blocky, primary carbides. The matrix chromium is only a little higher than H13's so its corrosion resistance is only a little better than H13. The primary carbides make for noisy rolling contact, markedly lower rolling contact fatigue strength, fairly good compressive strength, and poor tensile properties. There are very consistent supplies of good quality. QC requires monitoring the heat treater's results for excessive austenite grain boundary precipitation, prior austenite grain size, primary carbide particle size and retained austenite.
H13
Not as clean as 52100 so its rolling contact fatigue strength isn't quite as high but its higher chromium gives pretty good corrosion resistance. Hard to buy good quality and hard to heat treat well. QC requires monitoring incoming steel for segregation and monitoring the heat treater's results for austenite grain size and precipitation in the austenite grain boundaries.
17-4PH
This compromise has better corrosion resistance, good toughness when properly heat treated, and lower hardness. Coarse grain can be a problem.
Commercial stocks seem to be good quality. QC requires monitoring the heat treater's results for austenite grain size, precipitation in the austenite grain boundaries and through-thickness hardness. Hardness after the solutionizing heat treatment needs to be checked, which is the usual as-purchased condition for small quantities. Segregation can be a problem.
Hard worked 304
High hardness and strength with pretty good corrosion resistance are available in heavily cold worked type 304. It has much less toughness than annealed 304 but it is right up there with the other hard stainless steel tube. Wire, small bars and small strip dimensions are available. Quality control includes surface finish, which can be scaly on a microscopic scale.
Other hard stainless steel include:
416 for improved pitting resistance
440A and 440B for better homogeneity than 440C but still suffer from primary carbides
17-7PH for more of the same as compared to 17-4PH
The growing family of fully densified powder metals gives great opportunities for combining all the properties except affordability. In a critical application, where the metal cost can be absorbed, be sure to look over what's available. We see these fully densified powder metals in a frustratingly limited range of small bar stock sizes.
An example of compacted powder metal bar stock is Crucible Materials Corporation's CPM T440V which has 17% chromium along with other good things. The powder process keeps the carbides fine as long as the heat treater doesn't mess it up during final heat treating after machining. The heat treater's results must be monitored for carbide and grain size or the product isn't any better than the regular ingot and strand cast mill product.
(Figure 1. Comparative properties: stainless steel alloys.)
Some warnings regarding the heat treaters' culture:
Heat treaters are pre-programmed to deliver the hardness range specified in the purchase order. Unfortunately, hardness alone doesn't cut it in the hard stainless steels. You must additionally put numbers on the microstructural stuff which is listed above. If you don't, then expect unreliable wear, unreliable fracture toughness, unreliable fatigue, and sometimes unreliable corrosion resistance. And without having called them out you can't even reject the lot when failures occur.
Except for the 440 family of stainless steels, a messed up heat treating lot can often be re-heat treated. Accumulated decarb and distortion can be problems the second time around.
Remember that the hardenable stainless steels have very poor thermal conductivity. At least while getting the bugs out of the heat treating process, keep track of part location on the furnace racks. Edge parts will heat faster and have the longest time at temperature. Result: more distortion, better homogeneity, larger grain size, probably a faster cool down, etc. Center parts or parts shadowed from atmosphere circulation: less distortion, more segregation, finer grain size, failure to make the hardness specifications.
These alloys require that furnace racks need to be packed much more loosely and bigger circulating blowers are needed. There's a lot of merit to paying the price for a few percent of the high heat transfer gasses: hydrogen or helium or both. And finally, heat treaters love to heat treat but they hate to keep records! You need good records as to which furnace was used, number of parts per rack, strip chart record, thermocouple location, and atmosphere pressure and composition. We have long observed that the customers that consistently hold their heat treaters' hands are the ones that get consistent results. It seems to take about six months to work out the bugs and to convince the heat treater that you really mean what you say.